Evaluations of early childhood enrichment programs such as the Nurse-Family Partnership, the Perry Preschool Project, and the Abecedarian Early Childhood Project, suggest long-term developmental benefits in a range of areas. None of these programs has any substance-specific content, nor would their chief benefit necessarily be in that realm. Yet the Commission believes that these types of programs deserve more attention in discussions of long-term preventive strategies for reducing population substance use. Because the incentives in politics are typically to focus on short-term effects, advocacy for these programs is particularly important because their benefits accrue over a long term.